Deciphering communication
Make risk assessments of individuals based on their written communication by connecting psychology and linguistics
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Text characteristics
To get a quick idea about what the text the most frequently used words in the text are displayed in
different sizes. The more frequent a word is used the larger is the font size. If you hover over
the words you will get the number of occurrences for each word. Before the frequency is calculated
function words (word has little or no meaningful content) is removed. The 30 most frequently used
words are displayed.
The Flesch–Kincaid readability educational test are designed to indicate how difficult a text is to
understand. The test uses word length and sentence length to calculate a readability score. The
results provides information on what level of education a reader needs to understand the text and it
can also provide some information about the education level of the writer of the text. For example,
if a text is best understandable by a college student it is likely to assume that the writer also
have at least a college education. The score ranges from 0-100 where 100 is very easy to read and 0
is very hard to read.
Flesch-Kincaide grade level
words
words at least 6 characters long
words per sentence (average)
Named entities
To get a quick overview of the content of the text automatic extraction of names of persons,
organizations, locations, events, groups and dates is provided. The extraction is done
automatically.
Person mentioned
Organization mentioned
Location mentioned
Highlighted entities
Person mentioned
Organization mentioned
Location mentioned
Anger sentences
of text sentences contains references to anger.
Anxiety sentences
of text sentences contains references to anxiety.
Disgust sentences
of text sentences contains references to disgust.
Grievance sentences
of text sentences contains references to grievance.
Emotions are important for predicting behavior and actions and prime indicators of the
interaction between the individual's way of thinking and their surrounding social world. In
Dechefr assessments of negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, disgust and grievance are
included. A high expression of anger and grievance are predictors of violent intentions.
When
assessing the level of emotions a comparison with normal sample need to be considered. The
scores are automatically filled in but can be changed manually after inspecting the
emotionality
sentences.
Emotionality
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Anger sentences
Anxiety sentences
Show all
Disgust sentences
Show all
Grievance sentences
Show all
Emotionality assessment
What emotions are prominent and relevant feature of the text?
-
Anger
-
Grievance
Self orientation sentences
of text sentences contains references to first person singular.
Othering sentences
of text sentences contains references to third person plural.
Social connection sentences
of text sentences contains references to social connection.
Group orientation sentences
of text sentences contains references to first person plural.
An important part of an individual's self-concept is shaped by our relations with others.
Being a
part of a group, is a basic human need fundamental for survival and therefore group
identification and the concept of social identity are two important components in explaining
what motivates an individual’s actions. Examining use of pronouns can thus inform us how
people
consider themselves in relations to others, groups as well as individuals.
A high score on the use of outgroup references (third person plural) indicates that the
writer of
the text have a tendency to see boundaries between groups and defines him/herself in terms
of
in/out-group. A low score on social connection indicates social isolation. A high use of
first
person singular (I) reflect self-focus can be compared to a high use of fist person plural
(we)
reflecting group-focus.
Social index
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Self orientation sentences
Othering sentences
Show all
Social connection sentences
Show all
Group orientation sentences
Show all
Social index assessment
Is outgroup references a prominent and relevant feature of the text?
-
Othering
Violence sentences
of text sentences contains references to violence.
Sparse data, needs manual assessment
Weapons sentences
of text sentences contains references to weapons.
Sparse data, needs manual assessment
Leakage is a warning behavior where an intent to do harm is communicated to a third party. The
assessment of leakage is done by examining sentences containing mentions of violence or
weapons.
Leakage
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Violence sentences
Weapons sentences
Show all
Leakage assessment
Is leakage present and relevant for the current assessment?
-
Leakage
Three assessments of different personality traits are provided: basic personality (Big Five),
the dark triad and cognitive tendencies. As to the basic personality, high scores in stability
combined with low scores in openness and agreeableness is considered to be a risk indicator.
Also, high score on the three dark triad traits (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, & Psychopathy) is
considered to be a risk. As to the cognitive tendencies, high Inflexibility (unwillingness to
consider ideas and opinions that are new or different from your own) and low Reasonability
(Motivation to compare ideas, people, and objects and attentiveness to differences and
similarities) is considered to be a risk.
Basic personality
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Basic personality scores
Dark triad
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Dark triad scores
Sources of influence Sentences
of text sentences contains references to sources of influencers.
Sparse data, needs manual assessment
Military terminology Sentences
of text sentences contains references to military terminology.
Sparse data, needs manual assessment
Identification is a warning behavior and is characterized by any behavior that indicates a
psychological desire to be a "pseudocommando" or have a "warrior mentality", closely associate
with weapons or other military terminology, identify with previous attackers or assassins, or
seeing oneself as an agent to advance a particular cause or belief system.
A frequent use of military terminology could, indicate that the subject identifies with a warrior
(having a warrior mentality). Mentioning of previous violent offenders could indicate that the
writer is influenced or identifies him or herself with someone.
Identification
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Sources of influence sentences
Military terminology sentences
Show all
Identification assessment
Are sources of influence mentioned and is the use of military terminology a prominent and relevant for the current assessment?
-
Sources of influence
-
Military terminology
The warning behavior fixation is defined as any behavior indicating a nearly pathological
preoccupation with a person or a cause. This category of warning behavior is directly related to
or indicative of the possible target of an action. To observe fixation Dechefr provides the 10
most frequently used words and the 10 most frequent collocations phrases. A collocation is two
words that often go together. Some collocation examples are "pay attention", "fast food", "make
an effort", and "powerful engine". The most frequently used words and collocations may give
insights to if the writer is fixated with a person or a cause.
The affiliation score provides information on what kind of ideology or subculture the writer of
the text could be influenced by.
Affiliation score
Summary
The General Risk Score is automatically generated based on all indicators in Dechefr. The score is fixed and, thus, cannot be changed by the user. Scores range between 0 (no risk) and 100 (maximum risk) and reflect four risk levels:
- Severe risk: numerous indicators of violent intention
- Substantial risk: several indicators of violent intention
- Moderate risk: indicators of violent intention are present
- Low risk: none or few indicators of violent intention
General risk score
Digital-7 is a threat assessment protocol consisting of seven risk
indicators that can be used for threat assessment of written communication. All indicators (except
personality) can be assessed either manually, with computer support, or by a combination of both.
The analyst can (and should) always verify the computer generated assessments manually.
Digital-7 score
- Anger
- Grievance
- Othering
- Leakage
- Personality
- Military terminology
- Source of influence
Profile details (Percentile score)
Expand
dechefr case report:
page 1/2
general risk score
digital-7 score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
D7
Text readability
words
words
at least 6 characters long
words per sentence (average)
The Flesch–Kincaid readability score provides information on what level of education a reader needs to understand the text and it can also provide some information about the education level of the writer of the text. The score ranges from 0-100 where 100 is very easy to read and 0 is very hard to read.
Highlighted entities
Persons
Organizations
Locations
Emotionality
Anger
D7
th
percentile
Anxiety
th
percentile
Disgust
th
percentile
Grievance
D7
th
percentile
High expressions of grievance and anger are predictors of violent intentions.
Social index
Self
orientation
th
percentile
Othering
D7
th
percentile
Social connection
th
percentile
Group orientation
th
percentile
Frequent use of othering (third-person plural; they, them, etc.) is associated with a radicalized mindset. A low score on social connection may indicate social isolation.
Scores are presented as nth percentile of normal population. The normal population sample is based on 53,073 profiles, including known case of violent lone offenders, school shooters and social media users from various sources.
dechefr case report:
page 2/2
Leakage
D7
Violence
th
percentile
Weapons
th
percentile
Leakage is a warning behavior where an intent to do harm is communicated to a third party.
Personality
D7
Basic personality
Agreeableness
th
percentile
Openness
th
percentile
Stability
th
percentile
High stability in combination with low openness and agreeableness are iconsidered to be risk factors for violent behaviour.
Dark triad
Machiavellianism
th
percentile
Narcisissm
th
percentile
Psychopathy
th
percentile
A high score on the three dark triad traits is considered a risk.
Identification
Source of
influence
D7
th
percentile
Military
terminology
D7
th
percentile
A frequent use of military terminology could, indicate that the subject identifies with a warrior (having a warrior mentality). Mentioning of previous violent offenders could indicate that the writer is influenced or identifies him or herself with someone.
Scores are presented as nth percentile of normal population. The normal population sample is based on 53,073 profiles, including known case of violent lone offenders, school shooters and social media users from various sources.