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Deciphering communication
Make risk assessments of individuals based on their written communication by connecting psychology and linguistics
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Assessment overview
The General Risk Level is automatically generated based on all indicators in Dechefr. The level is fixed and, thus, cannot be changed by the user. The General Risk Level is provided in four levels:
- None or few indicators of violent intention
- Some Indicators of violent intention
- A moderate number of indicators of violent intention
- A significant number of indicators of violent intention
Automated general risk level
Dechefr automatically evaluates eight indicators of potentially violent behavior, determining whether each is present.
To manually review these assessments, click the Assess button. This allows you to confirm or modify the presence of each
indicator as needed. During the assessment, you can also select representative sentences associated with each indicator
and save them to the final report for documentation purposes.
Indicators of potential violent behaviour
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Similarity assessment allows you to compare multiple psychological profiles that have been generated from individuals' written communication. Each profile is created through linguistic analysis and reflects key psychological traits, such as emotional tone, cognitive style, aggression levels, and social orientation.
Using the Add comparison function, you can:
- View profiles side by side for quick visual comparison
- Highlight similarities and differences in key traits
- Identify patterns across multiple individuals or groups
Similarity assessment provides understanding of variations between profiles and can offer deeper insights into individual or group behavior.
Profile summary
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Text characteristics
To get a quick idea about what the text the most frequently used words in the text are displayed in different sizes. The more frequent a word is used the larger is the font size. If you hover over the words you will get the number of occurrences for each word. Before the frequency is calculated function words (word has little or no meaningful content) is removed. The 30 most frequently used words are displayed.
The Flesch–Kincaid readability educational test are designed to indicate how difficult a text is to understand. The test uses word length and sentence length to calculate a readability score. The results provides information on what level of education a reader needs to understand the text and it can also provide some information about the education level of the writer of the text. For example, if a text is best understandable by a college student it is likely to assume that the writer also have at least a college education. The score ranges from 0-100 where 100 is very easy to read and 0 is very hard to read.
Flesch-Kincaide grade level
words
words at least 6 characters long
words per sentence (average)
Named entities
To get a quick overview of the content of the text automatic extraction of names of persons, organizations, locations, events, groups and dates is provided. The extraction is done automatically.
Person mentioned
Organization mentioned
Location mentioned
Highlighted entities
Person mentioned
Organization mentioned
Location mentioned
Expressions of anger
of text sentences contains references to anger.
Expressions of anxiety
of text sentences contains references to anxiety.
Expressions of disgust
of text sentences contains references to disgust.
Expressions of grievance
of text sentences contains references to grievance.
Emotions play a significant role in our everyday life and are important markers for predicting behavior. Also, emotions are prime indicators of the interaction between the individual's way of thinking and the surrounding world. Emotions have also been emphasized by various scholars in predictors of violent extremism. Positive emotion words (e.g., pleasure, joy) are used to describe positive events, while negative emotion words (anger, disgust) are used to describe negative events. A high degree of emotion words while describing an event also seems to correlate with a high degree of immersion in whatever event one is describing.
In Dechefr assessments of negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, disgust and grievance are included. A high expression of anger and grievance are predictors of violent intentions. When assessing the level of emotions a comparison with normal sample need to be considered. The scores are automatically filled in but can be changed manually after inspecting the emotionality sentences.
Emotionality
Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Emotionality scores
Expressions of anger
Expressions of anxiety
Expressions of disgust
Expressions of grievance
Emotionality assessment
What emotions are prominent and relevant feature of the text?
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Anger
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Grievance
Expressions of self orientation
of text sentences contains references to first person singular.
Expressions of othering
of text sentences contains references to third person plural.
Mentions of social connection
of text sentences contains references to social connection.
Expressions of group orientation
of text sentences contains references to first person plural.
Social index assessment
Is outgroup references a prominent and relevant feature of the text?
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Othering
Leakage refers to the communication of an intent to harm a specific target, shared with a third party. It may indicate planning or the progression toward an act of violence, such as an attack. Research consistently shows that leakage is a common feature in cases of targeted violence, including school shootings and assaults on public figures. Leakage can be either intentional or unintentional and may vary in specificity—from vague references to explicit threats. Studies on attacks against public figures and assassinations reveal a recurring pattern: these incidents are often preceded by indirect, conditional, or direct threats. Reported rates of pre-attack leakage range from 46% to 67%, and are even higher in cases of school shootings.
In Dechefr, potential leakage statements are automatically identified and extracted. However, it is essential to manually review these sentences to ensure they genuinely reflect an intent to harm.
Expressions of leakage
of text sentences contains references to leakage.
Leakage assessment
Is leakage present and relevant for the current assessment?
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Leakage
Mentions of previous offenders and/or attacks
of text sentences contains references to sources of influencers.
Use of military terminology/signs of warrior mentality
of text sentences contains references to military terminology.
Identification is recognized as a warning behavior and refers to actions or expressions that reveal a psychological alignment with a "pseudocommando" mindset or a "warrior mentality." This may manifest through repeated references to weapons, the use of military or combat-related language, or admiration for previous attackers or assassins. Individuals displaying this behavior may view themselves as agents acting on behalf of a cause, ideology, or belief system. The use of military terminology may indicate that the individual identifies with a warrior or knight-like figure. Likewise, references to prior offenders may suggest that the writer is influenced by—or sees themselves reflected in—those individuals.
Identification
Mentions of previous offenders and/or attacks
Use of military terminology/signs of warrior mentality
Identification assessment
Are sources of influence mentioned and is the use of military terminology a prominent and relevant for the current assessment?
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Sources of influence
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Military terminology
To observe preoccupation, Dechefr provides the 10 most frequently used words and the 10 most frequent collocations phrases. A collocation is two words that often go together. Some collocation examples are "pay attention", "fast food", "make an effort", and "powerful engine". The most frequently used words and collocations may give insights into if the writer is fixated/preoccupied with a person or a cause.
Preoccupation assessment
Are there signs of preoccupation present in the text?
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Preoccupation
The linguistic alignment score provides information on what kind of ideology or subculture the writer of
the text could be influenced by.
Linguistic signs of alignment with an ideology or subculture
Linguistic alignment assessment
Is linguistic alignment a prominent and relevant feature of the text?
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Linguistic alignment
An important part of an individual's self-concept is shaped by our relations with others. Being a part of a group, is a basic human need fundamental for survival and therefore group identification and the concept of social identity are two important components in explaining what motivates an individual’s actions. Examining use of pronouns can thus inform us how people consider themselves in relations to others, groups as well as individuals. The use of pronouns in natural language has been examined in various studies, and pronouns have been linked to different aspects of personality and emotion.
A high score on the use of outgroup references (third person plural) indicates that the writer of the text have a tendency to see boundaries between groups and defines him/herself in terms of in/out-group. A low score on social connection indicates social isolation. A high use of first person singular (I) reflect self-focus can be compared to a high use of fist person plural (we) reflecting group-focus.
Social index
Percentiles
Expressions of self orientation
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Expressions of othering
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Mentions of social connection
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Expressions of group orientation
Inspect all