Deciphering communication
Make risk assessments of individuals based on their written communication by connecting psychology and linguistics
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Text characteristics
To get a quick idea about what the text the most frequently used words in the text are displayed in
different sizes. The more frequent a word is used the larger is the font size. If you hover over
the words you will get the number of occurrences for each word. Before the frequency is calculated
function words (word has little or no meaningful content) is removed. The 30 most frequently used
words are displayed.
The Flesch–Kincaid readability educational test are designed to indicate how difficult a text is to
understand. The test uses word length and sentence length to calculate a readability score. The
results provides information on what level of education a reader needs to understand the text and it
can also provide some information about the education level of the writer of the text. For example,
if a text is best understandable by a college student it is likely to assume that the writer also
have at least a college education. The score ranges from 0-100 where 100 is very easy to read and 0
is very hard to read.
Flesch-Kincaide grade level
words
words at least 6 characters long
words per sentence (average)
Named entities
To get a quick overview of the content of the text automatic extraction of names of persons,
organizations, locations, events, groups and dates is provided. The extraction is done
automatically.
Person mentioned
Organization mentioned
Location mentioned
Highlighted entities
Person mentioned
Organization mentioned
Location mentioned
Anger sentences
of text sentences contains references to anger.
Anxiety sentences
of text sentences contains references to anxiety.
Disgust sentences
of text sentences contains references to disgust.
Grievance sentences
of text sentences contains references to grievance.
Emotions play a significant role in our everyday life and are important markers for predicting behavior. Also, emotions are prime indicators of the interaction between the individual's way of thinking and the surrounding world. Emotions have also been emphasized by various scholars in predictors of violent extremism. Positive emotion words (e.g., pleasure, joy) are used to describe positive events, while negative emotion words (anger, disgust) are used to describe negative events. A high degree of emotion words while describing an event also seems to correlate with a high degree of immersion in whatever event one is describing.
In Dechefr assessments of negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, disgust and grievance are included. A high expression of anger and grievance are predictors of violent intentions. When assessing the level of emotions a comparison with normal sample need to be considered. The scores are automatically filled in but can be changed manually after inspecting the emotionality sentences.
Emotionality
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Anger sentences
Anxiety sentences
Show all
Disgust sentences
Show all
Grievance sentences
Show all
Emotionality assessment
What emotions are prominent and relevant feature of the text?
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Anger
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Grievance
Self orientation sentences
of text sentences contains references to first person singular.
Othering sentences
of text sentences contains references to third person plural.
Social connection sentences
of text sentences contains references to social connection.
Group orientation sentences
of text sentences contains references to first person plural.
Social index
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Self orientation sentences
Othering sentences
Show all
Social connection sentences
Show all
Group orientation sentences
Show all
Social index assessment
Is outgroup references a prominent and relevant feature of the text?
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Othering
Violence sentences
of text sentences contains references to violence.
Sparse data, needs manual assessment
Weapons sentences
of text sentences contains references to weapons.
Sparse data, needs manual assessmentLeakage, the communication of intent to harm a specific target to a third party and may signal planning, or implementation of, for example, an attack. Research suggests that leakage commonly occurs in cases of targeted violence, ranging from school shootings to attacks on public figures. Leakage can be intentional or unintentional, and more or less specific with regards to the act. Studies on public figure attacks and assassinations have found a suggestive pattern of leakage, in which an attack has often been preceded by indirect, conditional, or direct threats. In different studies, the occurrence of pre-attack leakage ranges from 46% to 67%, and even higher for school shootings. In Decehfr, the assessment of leakage is done by examining sentences containing mentions of violence or weapons. It is important to manually verify the extracted sentences to assure that they express intent to harm.
Leakage
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Violence sentences
Weapons sentences
Show all
Leakage assessment
Is leakage present and relevant for the current assessment?
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Leakage
Three assessments of different personality traits are provided: basic personality (Big Five),
the dark triad and cognitive tendencies. As to the basic personality, high scores in stability
combined with low scores in openness and agreeableness is considered to be a risk indicator.
Also, high score on the three dark triad traits (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, & Psychopathy) is
considered to be a risk. As to the cognitive tendencies, high Inflexibility (unwillingness to
consider ideas and opinions that are new or different from your own) and low Reasonability
(Motivation to compare ideas, people, and objects and attentiveness to differences and
similarities) is considered to be a risk.
Basic personality
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Basic personality scores
Dark triad
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Dark triad scores
Sources of influence Sentences
of text sentences contains references to sources of influencers.
Sparse data, needs manual assessment
Military terminology Sentences
of text sentences contains references to military terminology.
Sparse data, needs manual assessment
Identification is a warning behavior and is characterized by any behavior that indicates a
psychological desire to be a "pseudocommando" or have a "warrior mentality", closely associate
with weapons or other military terminology, identify with previous attackers or assassins, or
seeing oneself as an agent to advance a particular cause or belief system. A frequent use of
military terminology could, indicate that the subject identifies with a warrior (having a
warrior mentality). Mentioning of previous offenders could indicate that the writer is
influenced or identifies him or herself with someone.
Identification
Risk Percentiles
The number of users in 1st percentile are
Sources of influence sentences
Military terminology sentences
Show all
Identification assessment
Are sources of influence mentioned and is the use of military terminology a prominent and relevant for the current assessment?
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Sources of influence
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Military terminology
To observe preoccupation, Dechefr provides the 10 most frequently used words and the 10 most frequent
collocations phrases. A collocation is two words that often go together. Some collocation examples are "pay
attention", "fast food", "make an effort", and "powerful engine". The most frequently used words and
collocations may give insights into if the writer is fixated/preoccupied with a person or a cause.
Preoccupation assessment
Are there signs of preoccupation present in the text?
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Preoccupation
The linguistic alignment score provides information on what kind of ideology or subculture the writer of
the text could be influenced by.
Linguistic alignment score
Linguistic alignment assessment
Is linguistic alignment a prominent and relevant feature of the text?
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Linguistic alignment
Assessment overview
The General Risk Level is automatically generated based on all indicators in Dechefr. The level is fixed and, thus, cannot be changed by the user. The General Risk Level is provided in four levels:
- None or few indicators of violent intention
- Some Indicators of violent intention
- A moderate number of indicators of violent intention
- A significant number of indicators of violent intention
Automated general risk level
Eight different indicators of potentially violent behavior can be assessed in Dechefr. All
indicators are automatically determined if they are present or not. By pressing assess, the presence
of each indicator can be manually verified, and the value can be changed. During the assessment of
several of the indicators, sentences representative of each indicator can be selected and stored in
the report.
Indicators of potential violent behaviour
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Profile summary
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dechefr case report:
page 1/7
Scores are presented as nth percentile of normal population. The normal population sample is based on 53,073 profiles, including known case of violent lone offenders, school shooters and social media users from various sources.
automated general risk level
INDICATORS OF POTENTIAL VIOLENT BEHAVIOUR
Present indicators
Non-present indicators
Text readability
words
words
at least 6 characters long
words per sentence (average)
The Flesch–Kincaid readability score provides information on what level of education a reader needs to understand the text and it can also provide some information about the education level of the writer of the text. The score ranges from 0-100 where 100 is very easy to read and 0 is very hard to read.
Highlighted entities
Persons
Organizations
Locations
Profile summary
dechefr case report:
page 2/7
Preoccupation/Interests
The most frequently used words and collocations may give insights to if the writer is preoccupied with a person or a cause.
Linguistic alignment
Inspiration/influence of ideologies or subcultures.
dechefr case report:
page 3/7
Anger
th
percentile
LOWHIGH
High expressions of anger are predictors of violent intentions.
Anger sentences
Grievance
th
percentile
LOWHIGH
High expressions of grievance are predictors of violent intentions.
Grievance sentences
dechefr case report:
page 4/7
Othering
th
percentile
LOWHIGH
Frequent use of othering (third-person plural; they, them, etc.) is associated with a radicalized mindset.
Othering sentences
dechefr case report:
page 5/7
Leakage
Violence
th
percentile
LOWHIGH
Leakage is a warning behavior where an intent to do harm is communicated to a third party.
Violence sentences
Weapons
th
percentile
LOWHIGH
Weapons sentences
dechefr case report:
page 6/7
Influences from previous offenders
th
percentile
LOWHIGH
Mentioning of previous violent offenders could indicate that the writer is influenced or identifies him or herself with someone.
Influence sentences
Warrior mentality/ military terminology
th
percentile
LOWHIGH
A frequent use of military terminology could, indicate that the subject identifies with a warrior (having a warrior mentality).
Military sentences
dechefr case report:
page 7/7
An important part of an individual's self-concept is shaped by our relations with others. Being a part of a group, is a basic human need fundamental for survival and therefore group identification and the concept of social identity are two important components in explaining what motivates an individual’s actions. Examining use of pronouns can thus inform us how people consider themselves in relations to others, groups as well as individuals. The use of pronouns in natural language has been examined in various studies, and pronouns have been linked to different aspects of personality and emotion.
A high score on the use of outgroup references (third person plural) indicates that the writer of the text have a tendency to see boundaries between groups and defines him/herself in terms of in/out-group. A low score on social connection indicates social isolation. A high use of first person singular (I) reflect self-focus can be compared to a high use of fist person plural (we) reflecting group-focus.